Chinas Hukou System

Chinas Hukou system is a family registration program that serves as a domestic passport, regulating population distribution and rural-to-urban migration. It is a tool for social and geographic control that enforces an apartheid structure of rights enforcement. The Hukou system denies farmers the same rights and benefits enjoyed by urban residents.   History of the Hukou System The modern Hukou system was formalized as a permanent program in 1958 meant to ensure social, political, and economic stability.  Chinas largely-agrarian economy during the early days of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) was seen as a problem.  In order to speed up industrialization, the government followed the Soviet model and prioritized heavy industry.   To finance this hurried industrialization, the state underpriced agricultural products and overpriced industrial goods to induce unequal exchange between the two sectors. Essentially, peasants were paid less than market value for their agricultural goods.  The government imposed a system to restrict the free flow of resources, especially labor, between industry and agriculture or between the city and countryside to sustain this artificial imbalance.  This system is still in place. Individuals are categorized by the state as either rural or urban and assigned to geographic areas.  Travel between these is permitted only under controlled conditions and residents are not given access to jobs, public services, education, healthcare, or food in areas outside of their designated area.   A rural farmer who chooses to move to the city without a government-issued hukou, for example, shares a status similar to that of an illegal immigrant to the U.S.  Obtaining an official rural-to-urban hukou is extremely difficult because the Chinese government has tight quotas on conversions per year.   Effects of the Hukou System The Hukou system has always benefited urbanites and disadvantaged country-dwellers.  Take the Great Famine of the mid-twentieth century, for example. During the Great Famine, individuals with rural hukous were collectivized into communal farms and much of their agricultural output was taken in the form of taxes by the state and given to city-dwellers.  This led to massive starvation in the countryside but the Great Leap Forward, or campaign for rapid urbanization, was not abolished until its negative effects were felt in the city. After the Great Famine, urban citizens enjoyed a range of socio-economic benefits and rural residents continued to be marginalized.  Even today, a farmers income is one-sixth that of the average urban dweller.  In addition, farmers have to pay three times more in taxes but receive lower standards of education, healthcare, and living.  The Hukou system impedes upward mobility, essentially creating a caste system that governs Chinese society.   Since the capitalist reforms of the late 1970s, an estimated 260 million rural dwellers have illegally moved to cities in an attempt to escape their bleak situations and partake in the remarkable economic development of urban life.  These migrants brave discrimination and possible arrest just by living on the urban fringe in shantytowns, railway stations, and street corners.  They are often blamed for rising crime and unemployment rates.   Reform As China became industrialized, the Hukou system was reformed in order to adapt to a new economic reality.  In 1984, the State Council conditionally opened the doors of market towns to peasants.  Country residents were allowed to get a new type of permit called a â€Å"self-supplied food grain† hukou provided that they satisfied a number of requirements.  The primary requirements are: a migrant must be employed in enterprise, have their own accommodations in the new location, and able to provide their own food grain.  Cardholders are still not eligible for many state services and cannot move to urban areas ranked higher than their own. In 1992, the PRC launched another permit called the blue-stamp hukou.  Unlike the self-supplied food grain hukou that is limited to a particular subset of business peasants, the blue stamp hukou is open to a wide population and allows migration into bigger cities.  Some of these cities include the Special Economic Zones (SEZ), which are havens for foreign investments.  Eligibility is primarily limited to those with familial relations to domestic and overseas investors. The Hukou system experienced another form of liberation in 2001​ after China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO).  Although WTO membership exposed Chinas agricultural sector to foreign competition and led to widespread job loss, it also galvanized labor-intensive sectors such as textile and clothing. This led to increased demand in urban labor and  the intensity of patrols and documentation inspections were relaxed to accommodate.   In 2003, changes were also made to how illegal migrants are detained and processed.  This was the result of a media- and internet-frenzied case in which a college-educated urbanite named Sun Zhigang was taken into custody and beaten to death for working in the megacity of Guangzhou without the proper Hukou ID. Despite many reforms, the Hukou system still remains fundamentally intact and causes continued disparities between the states agricultural and industrial sectors.  Although the system is highly controversial and vilified, its complete abandonment is not practical due to the complexity and interconnectedness of the modern Chinese economic society.  Its removal would lead to a massive exodus of people into cities that could instantly cripple urban infrastructures and destroy rural economies.  For now, minor changes will continue to be made to respond to Chinas shifting political climate.

Analysis Of The Poem My Words From The Village Of...

In Susan Stryker’s â€Å"My Words to Victor Frankenstein Above the Village of Chamounix: Performing Transgender Rage†, Stryker creates an intimate linkage between Frankenstein’s monster and the transsexual body. Like Frankenstein, a transsexual person owns an â€Å"unnatural† body and an identity defined completely by medical practice. And like Frankenstein, a transsexual person encounters countless challenges, discrimination, and hatred from normal people. Normal people deem transsexual existence as the embodiment of a monster which possesses â€Å"an unassimilable, antagonistic, queer relationship to a Nature† (Stryker 5). However, instead of running away, Stryker chooses to embrace co’s transsexual identity and lives in darkness with an identity of a seemingly cruel and despise-able monster. Stryker starts to pose a question that demands an answer: â€Å"Is monster really inferior than a human being, and does a natural body actually exis t?†. Most people would not react positively to the words you are a monster! Because, let s face it, no one thinks of monsters as beautiful creations, but as grotesque and defy the laws of nature and God. However, in Susan Stryker s essay, co explores what it really means to be a monster, applying this concept to transsexualism. Stryker argues that everyone is monster, like Frankenstein, in their own way, as no one today is natural. Co says that, â€Å"[t]he transsexual body is an unnatural body. It is the product of medical science. It is a technological

Dissertation Methodology †Impact of Technology on Recruitment Free Essays

Dissertation examples – Dissertation Methodology – FREE our site ESSAYS The following article is a sample dissertation methodology on the following dissertation topic: Impact of Technology on Recruitment in UK Retail Banks. A case study of Lloyds Banking Group: The methodology depicts a mixed method research, using quantitative surveys and semi structured interviews. Based on Saunder’s Research Onion. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Methodology – Impact of Technology on Recruitment or any similar topic only for you Order Now a. Research Philosophy – Dissertation Examples The social world of banks and graduates upon which this study is based exists externally and are not related to the researcher; therefore they would be measured through objective methods rather than being inferred subjectively through reflection, sensation or intuition (Easterby-Smith, 2002). This study would therefore adopt a positivist approach as credible data could only be derived through quantitative analysis of phenomena observed (Saunders et al, 2007). The social interpretivism philosophy, which aims to study and reflect on the inner feelings of participants, is not being utilized in this study, due to the study’s research objective, which is to ascertain the effectiveness of online recruitment in an organization. Details regarding effectiveness are measured using objective means (such as increase in candidate application and reduction in costs), thereby warranting a positivist approach. b. Research approach Due to the positivist nature of the research, this study would adopt a deductive approach (Saunders et al, 2007). This approach represents the most common view of the relationship between theory and research and results gotten from this approach are developed through logical reasoning (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The data findings would be compared against existing literature to ascertain if they concur with what has already been published in the field of online recruitment. c. Access The ability to gather primary data during this study was dependent on gaining access to an appropriate source within the organization. The level to which this source is appropriate relies on the research question, related objectives and research designs (Saunders et al, 2007). Therefore, the researcher, as a friend of an employee within the organization, was in a favorable position to get access within the organization. I contacted a friend of mine who currently works within graduate recruitment at Lloyds TSB, and discussed the prospects of my dissertation. She spoke to several of her colleagues on my behalf and they agreed for me to conduct telephone interviews with 4 members of the graduate recruitment team, some of which had been there for an average of 5 – 10 years (reasons expatiated further in this chapter). Due to the non-intrusive nature of my research, there were no objections or limitations raised by the participants with regards to the questions asked or the purpose of the study. d. Research Strategy This study would adopt a case study strategy in answering the research question. Robson (2002) asserts that the case study strategy would be useful if the aim of the study is to gain a rich understanding of the research perspective and the process being endorsed. Therefore as this study aims to understand the recruitment process within Lloyds TSB and also any benefits associated with online recruitment, a case study would be most effective. Two separate yet parallel approaches would be utilized in this study, and are outlined in the table 1 below. Table 1: Research Strategy STRATEGYAIMSAMPLETYPE OF QUESTIONSMETHOD OF ANALYSIS 1. Quantitative questionnaireQuantify graduates’ perception of what constitutes an effective recruitment platform10 graduates who have applied to one or more organizations through their online system.Closed rating scale questions, and nominal data.Descriptive analysis (bar chart, pie chart and line charts). 2. Qualitative semi-structured interviewsThis was done in order to ascertain the benefits associated with online recruitment.4 members of the recruitment staff within Lloyds TSB, who have been in the organization for more than 5 yearsStructured questionnaires. Open questionsContent analysis i. Quantitative Questionnaire Quantitative methods are mainly used in the data collection process of research. It involves data that is either in the form of, or expressed as numbers (Easterby-Smith et al, 2008). The quantitative questionnaires were handed out to 10 graduates and undergraduates. The questionnaire was mainly designed with rating scale questions, where respondents were asked to state their opinion or preference for a particular question on a scale of 1 – 5. Secondary nominal data was also included in order to ascertain the respondent’s status, application activity and preference. The quantitative questionnaire distributed to respondents is outlined in appendix. Quantitative questionnaires are useful as the results derived are quantifiable and measurable against other variables in an objective manner (Saunders et al, 2007). ii. Qualitative Semi Structured Interviews Following the access grant to four members of the recruitment team within the organization, 15 – 20 minute qualitative telephone interviews were carried out. A semi-structured interview is a qualitative interview that is defined by a pre-set question guide. It aims to provide in-depth findings through informal discussions with participants (Collis and Hussey, 2003). This interview method was chosen over unstructured or structured interviews, because this study intends to answer the research questions by asking specific questions, but not so much (unstructured) that it generates useless data, and not so less (structured) so as not to miss out on any unanticipated information. The interview questions in the semi-structured interview are in appendix. The themes utilized in this study were derived mainly from the literature review and were crucial in developing the questions that were raised during the study. The semi-structured approach also provided the researcher with the ability to probe answers. Answer probing was particularly useful in responses whereby more explanation was needed in order to fully understand the answers. Due to the recent adaptation of online recruitment, the semi structured interviews was targeted at members of the team who had witnessed or orchestrated the shift towards online recruitment, that way these respondents would be better able to answer questions that relate to the comparison of both methods. Also, members of the online recruitment team being interviewed had different positions within recruitment and handled separate tasks. The questionnaires were given to them beforehand, when the approval was first sought, and each respondent chose the questions that they were more qualified to respond to. Therefore the research was such that all respondents answered some questions, while some others were answered by a particular individual because of their knowledge of that process. Table 2 outlines the respondent details and their interview theme. Table 2: Interview Respondents and Questions asked RespondentFictionalNameRoleYears in LloydsSubjects Covered R1AliceGraduate Events Manager2Effectiveness, Disadvantages R2MarthaApplication Review7Background, Adoption, Effectiveness, Disadvantages R3NickFinance and Budgeting9Adoption, Effectiveness, Efficiency R4ChloeMedia Advertisement3Effectiveness, Advertisement Each respondent were asked for their consent to interview, prior to the interview sessions, and also requested not to have their names mentioned so as to prevent any form of organizational backlash if the contents of the study were interpreted in any other non-academic form, and distributed. They have therefore been given fictional names, so as to make the research more readable. e. Data Collection i. Sampling Method Based on the research objectives and the issues to be investigated, it would have been most appropriate if all recruitment staffs within the organization were interviewed. However, due to the time constraints and resource limitations inherent in this study, a non-probability sample of the population was selected. Saunders et al (2007) asserts that a non-probability sample is most often used when adopting a case study strategy. A non-probability sample, as described by (Oppenheim, 2000), is a sample in which the probability of each case being selected from the total population is not known. The samples of graduates that were chosen to partake in the quantitative study are too small to constitute a probability sample of graduates within London or UK. Also, the number of employees within Lloyds who took part in the qualitative study was not high enough to constitute a significant portion of the recruitment department within Lloyds TSB. Therefore the study focused more on the quantitative facts of the perception of recruitment within the organization, as opposed to theories expressed in the literature review, and what graduates on the outside thought of online recruitment. ii. Primary Data Collection In collecting data that could be analysed using quantitative means, Easterby-Smith et al (2008) claims that researchers could collect either primary or secondary data. He further claims that though each of these means have their merits and demerits, the collection of one’s own data gives control over the structure of the sample and the data obtained from each respondent. It also gives greater confidence that the data collected would match the research objectives. The researcher therefore chose to collect primary data from 20 graduates using questionnaires distributed-in-person to each respondent. This was done amongst friends and colleagues within the university who have utilized online recruitment systems. Data from the semi-structured interviews would be collected using a tape recorder, and the conversations with all four employees would be transcribed word for word, and expression for expression. The advantages inherent in this approach is that it allows the researcher to document and see patterns in words and emotions that would not be available if other forms of interviews were conducted. f. Analysis of Research Findings i. Quantitative Data The quantitative data collected during the course of this study, whilst still in its raw form, is described by Saunders et al (2007) as being useless and conveying little information to most people. Univariates, which are total sample distributions of one variable at a time (Oppenheim, 2005) was utilised in analysing the frequency and percentage occurrence of each variable; including both ordinal and nominal, category and rating scale questions. However an indepth correlation or bivariate analysis was not conducted due to the low number of graduate respondents, and also due to the fact that the study was mainly concerned with the viewpoint of the organization, and not necessarily that of the graduates. Results would be analysed using Excel and graphs would be drawn out to analyse all data with the aim of comparing them to the qualitative study. ii. Qualitative Data Yin (2002) suggests that in studies whereby the research question has been formulated based on the literature review; these theories that have been used in the postulation of the research question could also be used in analyzing the findings. Thereby suggesting that a deductive approach to data analysis would be essential for theoretical driven studies. Based on these arguments, this study analyzed the qualitative findings using deductive methods. The findings from each respondent and questionnaire theme were analyzed according to the literature review topics discussed. In the instance whereby different respondents had something to say about a particular issue, all their opinions were recorded and taking into consideration in the analysis of findings. A fact sheet of all findings according to the theory is illustrated in chapter 4. Full transcripts of the interview are in the appendix. The pattern matching procedure, as postulated by Saunders et al, (2007), would be utilized in this deductive analysis. It involves predicting a pattern of outcomes based on theoretical propositions. These propositions are thereby analyzed in the data analysis process. This procedure involves the development of an analytical framework, utilizing existing theory, and then testing the adequacies of the framework as a means of explaining the findings (Saunders et al, 2007). In the instance where a pattern is found as initially predicted, it would be evidence that suggests that there is indeed an explanation for findings. g. Ethics Blumberg, et al (2005) describes ethics as referring to the appropriateness of one’s behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of a research project. A number of ethical issues have been identified and raised with respect to this study. The issues, and steps taken to alleviate such issues are discussed below: The company may be secretive about some aspects of its online recruitment, such as the quantity of graduates and marketing techniques to attract graduates, which it may not like its competitors to know about. Employees responding to semi structured interviews may not be so willing to discuss their personal opinion of the bank’s recruitment system, or the quality of graduates received through their channels, in case their response does not really conform to the brand and reputation that the organization is trying to build (for instance, the bank may pose as an equal opportunity organization that employs from diverse backgrounds, whereas they mostly only recruit students from top Oxbridge universities with a certain background). Information such as this could pose difficulties if the bank eventually decides to broaden its pool of candidates and employ people from varying backgrounds. Apart from these ethical considerations, no other ethical dilemmas have been found with relation to this essay. Therefore, in order to alleviate these issues, the questionnaire and interviews would be designed in such a way that it does not offend, harm, provoke or stress any of the participants in any way. Questions asked would be non-instrusive as no personal information about names; age or post would be requested. Information about specific applicant quality and demographics of applicants’ recruitment would not be sought. Also, in terms of graduate questionnaires that have been distributed, some candidates may think that answering these questions and including personal details may impede or even benefit them when applying to said organizations. Therefore the questionnaires would fully state that it is an academic research and in no way constitutes a study conducted by the organization. h. Limitations The major limitation of this research would be gaining access to graduates who have gone through online recruitment systems and applied specifically to Lloyds TSB. Graduates that have applied to the bank are diverse both in culture and geography. Therefore this study would be limited in not being able to survey a probability sample of graduates who have either used online recruitment or specifically applied to Lloyds TSB in the past. The willingness and capacity of staff to answer questions with relation to graduate recruitment is also impeded. Some staff may not be willing to discuss sensitive issues such as their views, some may be unwilling to discuss online recruitment in any capacity to an external researcher such as myself, while some may not have the relevant experience required to answer most of the questions raised in this study. Therefore the list of participants has been limited to 4, which in no way represents a probability sample of the recruitment workforce within the organization. There is also a secondary limitation with regards to the experience of those staff that participate in the interviews. The ideal participants would typically have been working in recruitment for over 10 years, and would have witnessed and participated in the transition from traditional to online recruitment within the organization. However, only two of the participants answering this questionnaire are ‘ideal candidates’, the other 2 have been working within recruitment over the past 2 – 3 years and were in no capacity to discuss the transition between traditional and online recruitment. However, their views were still helpful and contributed significantly to the findings of this study. This study did not incorporate recent events such as the merger between Lloyds TSB and HBOS. It also did not include the recent government bailout and financial crisis affecting most UK financial institutions. This information could have impacted on the quality of graduate applications that the organization received within the past 3 years, and could pose a shortfall in the information gathered. However, including this information would have extended the limits of the study, beyond the word count and capacity currently accepted. How to cite Dissertation Methodology – Impact of Technology on Recruitment, Essays

Food Industry Risk Analysts Can Simulate Real-Life Scenarios

Question: Food Industry Risk Analysts Can Simulate Real-Life How Scenarios? Answer: Introduction This code of conduct describes the principles to be followed by auditors approved under the Food Act 2006 (the Act) to ensure food safety program assessment and auditing services are delivered with integrity, professionalism, accountability and diligence. Queensland Health is committed to protecting any person who raises concerns about a breach of the code of conduct from retaliation or reprisal.[1] Food industry risk analysts can simulate real-life scenarios by inputting multiple food types and potential hazards in a single assessment. Additionally, hazards can be ranked by level of risk. After providing the appropriate data, iRISK quickly generates reports that offer estimated risks from multiple microbial or chemical food safety hazards and estimates how scenario alterations can increase or lower contamination risk. Since its launch, iRisk has attracted more than 500 registered users.[2] In Australia, the Sydney Food and Drug Administration also relies on Monte Carlo simulation to assess food safety, and one of its most notable uses of the technology occurred in the months prior to Sydneys hosting of the 41st World Expo in May 2010. Organizers wanted to be certain that food distributed to foreign visitors was safe, so it initiated a quantitative analysis of nitrite contamination in cooked meat. The Sydney FDA conducted 370 random checks of meat products in the city and found four percent of samples exceeded nitrite standards.[3] On the basis of this initial data, the organization commissioned a report to determine the probability of consuming nitrites in excess of established standards in normal consumption habits. Then, using MCS, the researchers simulated the sample 10,000 times, multiplying variables to fit possible real-life situations. The findings indicated that the possibility of passing the threshold for acute nitrite poisoning indeed existed, as well as the possibility for exceeding the allowable daily intake of nitrite. Based on the results, the Sydney FDA proposed that businesses in the food service industry be forbidden from using nitrite, which eliminated the possibility of nitrite poisoning at its root. Food Safety Hazards There are three major hazards that may be introduced into the food supply any time during harvesting, processing, transporting, preparing, storing and serving food. These hazards may be microbiological, chemical or physical. Microbiological Hazards Microbiological hazard occurs when food becomes contaminated by microorganisms found in the air, food, water, soil, animals and the human body. Many microorganisms are helpful and necessary for life itself. However, given the right conditions, some microorganisms may cause a foodborne illness. Microorganisms commonly associated with foodborne illnesses include bacteria, viruses and parasites.[4] Chemical Hazards Chemical hazards can occur at any point during harvesting, storage, preparation and service. When toxic chemicals used for pest control or for cleaning and sanitizing food contact surfaces and food preparation equipment come into contact with food, the food may be contaminated by those chemicals. Toxic metals such as copper, brass, cadmium, lead and zinc can be a source of chemical contamination. Zinc, used in galvanized containers (garbage cans) and in gray enamelware containers which may be plated with anatomy or cadmium, can make acidic foods such as orange juice or tomato sauce and pickles poisonous. Pottery dishes with lead glazes should not be used to prepare or serve food. Intentionally added chemicals help to maintain a foods freshness or to enhance flavors in foods. Check the food ingredient label for more information about the additives. Excessive use of some additives has been linked. Foodservice establishments are prohibited by law from using sulfites to maintain product freshness. However, they are still approved for use in some food processing operations, for example, processing shrimp and manufacturing wine. If they are used, the product must be clearly labeled.[5] Physical Hazards Physical hazards usually result from accidental contamination and /or poor food handling practices. Examples include slivers of glass, human hair, nails, false nails, nail polish, and pieces of jewelry, metal fragments from worn or chipped utensils and containers, dirt, stones, frilled toothpicks. Pesticides may leave residues on fruits and vegetables. In general, these residues can be removed by scrubbing the surface and washing with water. Food irradiation is classified as a food additive and is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Irradiation is a process, which destroys pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms without compromising safety, nutrition or quality and significantly lengthens storage life. In general, spices are irradiated as a means of controlling bacterial growth and mold. Food Safety and Hygiene Food safety and hygiene therefore play a major role in industry and food quality is the result of numerous factors such as physical, biochemical, and microbiological characteristics. Therefore, it is imperative that these factors are considered in layout design in the food processing industry. Many practices such as the hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) or good manufacturing practices (GMP) attempt to ensure food safety and hygiene requirements in the food manufacturing process. In order to align with these requirements, layouts need to focus on segregating the work area to control hazards and prevent contamination of the products being manufactured. This focus will ensure that the layouts comply with the requirements of the food industry and avoid modifications required later that usually result in additional costs. However, little research on FLP considering the unique manufacturing requirements of the food processing industry is reported in the literature. Theref ore, this paper formulates a model that simplifies the layout planning process for the food processing facilities (FPF). A generalized framework that helps to visualize the FLP was initially developed. Then, a layout model for FPF was proposed considering the unique features that need to be present in the layout. A case study was finally conducted by changing the layout of a malted milk powder processing facility in Sydney according to the proposed model. Food Processing Technology The primary concern of food manufacturers is to produce something that is wholesome and safe, that is, free from pathogenic microorganisms and chemical and foreign body contamination. Food items are perishable and become unsuitable for consumption with time. Although it cannot be prevented, one aim of food processing is to slow down the rate of deterioration by selecting appropriate methods of processing, ingredient formulations, packaging, and storage condition.[6] In order to make food items safe for consumption, food processing plants take measures to eliminate the possibility of microbial, chemical, and physical contamination. Thus, it becomes a key factor of concern, and layout design should essentially help to prevent direct and cross contamination of the products being manufactured. Hence, the layouts of the food processing factories have to be designed to meet food safety requirements on top of production efficiency. This is the main envisaged difference between the layouts o f food processing and other manufacturing plants. Thus it can be concluded that the food processing plants add a new dimension to the common layout design problem.[7] Quality Standards Applicable for the Food Processing Industry Many guidelines are available to regulate the food manufacturing processes. In the food processing sector, Quality Assurance (QA) systems are used to improve quality and reduce costs whilst HACCP programs are specifically deployed to assure food safety. Based on management principles, HACCP and GMP have been implemented to help plants to maintain high levels of hygiene.[8] HACCP systems establish process control by identifying points in the production process that are most critical to monitor and control in terms of contamination. It is widely recognized in the food industry as an effective approach to establish good production, sanitation, and manufacturing practices that produce food items that are safe to consume. Therefore, it can be concluded that QA and HACCP implemented in concert facilitate improvements in both production efficiency and product safety.[9] Considering the above factors, an area that needs attention in the food processing industry is the relationship between hygiene and the layout of the processing plants. Aspects of food hygiene have been addressed in different disciplines and a considerable amount of knowledge is available. However, this knowledge is not systematically linked to the evaluation and design of layouts for food processing. The literature on layout planning has thus far inadequately addressed the influence of hygiene factors on the specific nature of the food processing companies. As discussed earlier, the food industry norms have to be followed in designing factory layouts for food manufacturing and segregation of work areas is important for the food processing industries as they are characterised by a continuous change in volume, type, and mix of products due to constantly changing market requirements.[10] On top of this, many critical control points are present in the food processing industry. These have been identified as hazards for the manufacturing process. Hence there should be adequate controls to mitigate the risk of contamination. The site layout plays an important role in this risk mitigation process. Thus, basic sections of food processing facilities were identified as primary manufacturing, secondary packing, warehouse, utility area, and administration.[11] The hazards identified in HACCP are biological hazards (e.g., bacteria, yeasts, and molds), chemical hazards (e.g., cleaning chemicals and lubricating fluids), and physical hazards (e.g., glass, insects, pests, metal, and dust). Layouts for food processing facilities should be designed to minimize risks due to the above hazards. The product is exposed to the environment at the primary manufacturing area. Thus, it is the area, which poses the highest risk for hygiene in the manufacturing process, and risk mitigation steps are essential to prevent contamination. Environmental conditions in terms of humidity, temperature, and particulate levels and the barometric pressure have to be closely monitored and maintained within the primary manufacturing section. Furthermore, the primary manufacturing area has to be completely separated from the other areas to control the risk of contamination.[12] References Glenn Gardener, Anne Gardner, and Jane O'connell. "Using the Donabedian framework to examine the quality and safety of nursing service innovation." Journal of clinical nursing 23, no. 1-2 (2014): 145-155. Gretchen Young, Julie Hulcombe, Andrea Hurwood, and Susan Nancarrow. "The Queensland Health Ministerial Taskforce on health practitioners expanded scope of practice: consultation findings." Australian Health Review 39, no. 3 (2015): 249-254. Hills Harris, Carmel Bofinger, and David Cliff. "Community Health and Safety Handbook: Leading Practice Sustainable Development Program for the Mining Industry." (2016). Jana Lerssi-Uskelin, Leila Hopsu, and Anne Salmi. "What is Workplace Health Promotion (WHP)." Afr Newslett on Occup Health and Safety 24 (2014): 46. Janet O. Chan-Monk, Carlo Caponecchia, and Chris Winder. "The concept of workplace bullying: Implications from Australian workplace health and safety law." Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 21, no. 3 (2014): 442-456. Jeff J. Wilks, Stephen, and F. Moore, eds. Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium. Routledge, 2013. Jennifer A. Witty, Paul Crosland, Kaye Hewson, Rajan Narula, Timothy R. Nathan, Peter A. Campbell, Andrew Keller, and Paul A. Scuffham. "A cost?minimisation analysis comparing photoselective vaporisation (PVP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for the management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Queensland, Australia." BJU international 113, no. S2 (2014): 21-28. Leon Straker, David Dunstan, Nicholas Gilson, and Genevieve Healy. "Sedentary work. Evidence on an emergent work health and safety issue." (2016). Lynn R. Marotz. Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child. (Nelson Education, 2014) Marion Nestle. Food politics: How the food industry influences nutrition and health. Vol. 3. Univ of California Press, 2013. Petra Amchova, Hana Kotolova, and Jana Ruda-Kucerova. "Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 73, no. 3 (2015): 914-922. Sheila Arbury, Michael Hodgson, Donna Zankowski, and Jane Lipscomb. "Workplace Violence Training Programs for Health Care Workers: An Analysis of Program Elements." Workplace Health Safety (2017): 216507991667153 [1] Glenn Gardener, Anne Gardner, and Jane O'connell. "Using the Donabedian framework to examine the quality and safety of nursing service innovation." Journal of clinical nursing 23, no. 1-2 (2014): 145-155. [2] Gretchen Young, Julie Hulcombe, Andrea Hurwood, and Susan Nancarrow. "The Queensland Health Ministerial Taskforce on health practitioners expanded scope of practice: consultation findings." Australian Health Review 39, no. 3 (2015): 249-254. [3] Hills Harris, Carmel Bofinger, and David Cliff. "Community Health and Safety Handbook: Leading Practice Sustainable Development Program for the Mining Industry." (2016). [4] Jana Lerssi-Uskelin, Leila Hopsu, and Anne Salmi. "What is Workplace Health Promotion (WHP)." Afr Newslett on Occup Health and Safety 24 (2014): 46. [5] Janet O. Chan-Monk, Carlo Caponecchia, and Chris Winder. "The concept of workplace bullying: Implications from Australian workplace health and safety law." Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 21, no. 3 (2014): 442-456. [6] Lynn R. Marotz. Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child. (Nelson Education, 2014) [7] Jennifer A. Witty, Paul Crosland, Kaye Hewson, Rajan Narula, Timothy R. Nathan, Peter A. Campbell, Andrew Keller, and Paul A. Scuffham. "A cost?minimisation analysis comparing photoselective vaporisation (PVP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for the management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Queensland, Australia." BJU international 113, no. S2 (2014): 21-28. [8] Marion Nestle. Food politics: How the food industry influences nutrition and health. Vol. 3. Univ of California Press, 2013. [9] Leon Straker, David Dunstan, Nicholas Gilson, and Genevieve Healy. "Sedentary work. Evidence on an emergent work health and safety issue." (2016). [10] Jeff J. Wilks, Stephen, and F. Moore, eds. Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium. Routledge, 2013. [11] Lynn R. Marotz. Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child. (Nelson Education, 2014) Marion Nestle. Food politics: How the food industry influences nutrition and health. Vol. 3. Univ of California Press, 2013. [12] Sheila Arbury, Michael Hodgson, Donna Zankowski, and Jane Lipscomb. "Workplace Violence Training Programs for Health Care Workers: An Analysis of Program Elements." Workplace Health Safety (2017): 2165079916671534.